Hi Sam,
Welcome to the forum, and some quick thoughts...
1) They say that "Consistent Fermentation Temperature" is a major factor in making good beer. If fermenting outside in a way that temperature can float - if correct - that could be a major issue. Also yeasts have ranges they like to work in, sometimes can be a little out of their range and work okay - but you want to keep temperature as consistent as possible.
I would research making a fermentation chamber. Low cost solution to keep under control include putting fermenter inside a larger garbage can filled with water. And if on the colder side get a fish tank heater. That could take care of things if in a garage. This is what I did at the start, after receiving some great advice from a pro "assistant" brewer working part-time at LHBS.
Or moving up could do a freezer with temperature controller... And to heat most use some sort of heat mat or incandescent light bulb, etc. That's what I use now.
2) Existing problem - yeast shocked or dead. May have to repitch fresh yeast. Don't want it to sit for too long, only partially fermented (might contribute off flavors).
And using the BIABacus, along with using its checkpoints to check where your beer is at throughout the brewing process is a huge help as well. (Volumes, Gravity at different points, etc.)
Lots we can't know, but that's my best advice based on what you listed. Best of luck!
